Confounded Interest – Anthony B. Sanders
Financial Markets And Real Estate
Here comes the Federal government, spending and borrowing like insane people then presenting us with the bill.
Only The Federal government and Joe Biden would borrow $1.78 TRILLION, producing REAL average hourly earnings that are -1.3% lower.
Meanwhile, Obama and his wife Michelle are singing “Don’t stand to close to Joe!”
Dammit Janet! Stop borrowing money that we have to pay back!
Don’t forget! US Q4 GDP grew by $182.6 billion while Janet Yellen increased borrowing by $834 billion. (Public Debt By 4.5 Times GDP Growth).
In 2023, the Treasury added $2.6T to the national debt. While that number alone should be enough to scare anyone, the details reveal something even more concerning. $2T of it, or 77%, was financed entirely with short-term Treasury Bills maturing in less than a year. The chart below shows the debt issuance trend over the last 20 years. As shown, the Treasury typically relies on medium-term debt (2-10 Year Notes) to fund the budget deficit. 2023 was a massive change in standard procedure as shown by the giant light blue bar on the right of the chart.
Figure: 1 Year Over Year change in Debt
The only other times Bills were used as a primary funding source was in 2008 during the Great Financial Crisis and 2020 during Covid. Neither year came close to 77% of total new debt issuance. These were also emergency times, and specifically in 2021, almost half the short-term debt was retired in favor of Notes and Bonds to undo the 2020 Bill issuance.
The Treasury has spent nearly two decades trying to extend the maturity of the debt. This can be seen in the blue line below that shows the average debt maturity. When the short term debt is issued in such a way, it drives down the average maturity, which causes the Treasury to have to roll-over more debt in shorter time periods. So why has the Treasury all of a sudden gone entirely to short-term debt in non-emergency times? The answer lies in the orange line, so let’s dig in.
First, it is important to understand the interest rates the Treasury is facing. The chart below shows the current yield curve as it stands today and 6 months ago. As you can see, short-term rates are a full 1%-1.5% higher than medium-term. What?!? Didn’t we just see that the Treasury has specifically targeted short-term debt?
Why are they paying more than they have to? Had the Treasury financed the $2T with Notes, they would have saved $30B in interest this year alone!
Figure: 3 Tracking Yield Curve Inversion
So, why have they done this? Well, there are two potential possibilities.
First, they may be nervous about the market’s ability to handle so much medium-term debt. The market typically digests short-term debt very easily, but it can become saturated with medium-term debt. The chart below shows the amount of medium-term debt that rolled over last year. This is not new issuance; this is debt maturing that needs to be rolled over.
As shown, nearly $2T rolled over last year. This means, had the Treasury issued Notes instead of Bills, the Market would have had to absorb a whopping $4T in new medium-term debt like they did in 2020. The difference this year is that back in 2020 the Fed bought nearly all of that debt, putting a floor under the market.
Compounding this problem further is that this year is set to be a record year in terms of debt rollover. Nearly $2.9T in Notes need to be rolled over.
Still, even with that massive amount of debt issuance, there must be more to the story. Why would Yellen specifically pay $30B more in interest just because she is concerned the about the volume of debt issuance. As Figure 1 above shows, this has never been a concern in the past except in emergency situations. Furthermore, why not issue at least some new debt as medium-term.
This lends to a second, and more probable conclusion. Long-term rates are set to fall in the very near term. The Treasury did not want to lock in for 2-7 years at 4% if it knows rates will fall. It will pay a premium ($30B this year), if it means it can lock in lower rates for longer and save the money on the back end.
So, why are long-term rates, going to fall? Because they have to… the chart below shows the current interest owed on the national debt annualized. It’s not a pretty picture, and you can see how the interest from Bills has absolutely ballooned.
Figure: 5 Net Interest Expense
The Fed has come out with their dot plot that shows a calm glide path down. Well, we can take the debt maturity and push it forward at the projected rate of the Fed. Even given the current proposed 6 rate cuts, and getting back to 3.5% by early 2025, the trajectory for interest expense is not looking good.
Given current projections by the Fed, the Treasury will owe over $900B on interest by 2025. That is a debt death spiral. The Fed had to pivot back in 2018 when interest expense neared $400B. Next year, the cost will be more than double that!
Figure: 6 Projected Net Interest Expense
There is a potential third option. It’s an election year. Maybe Yellen is doing everything and anything to keep the financial system running smoothly. She has decided that the Treasury market must remain 100% stable and wants to take no chances. Thus, she issues tons of short-term debt, costing the tax payer an extra $30B this year and decides it’s a problem to be fixed at a later date.
While this would be wildly irresponsible and corrupt, the real argument against possibility 3 is the same as possibility 1, the market should be able to ingest at least some medium-term debt. This means the only logical conclusion is that she knows rates are coming down hard and fast. How does she know? Well, she used to be the head of the Fed.
There is no doubt, everyone in Washington can do the simple math above and recognize the Fed cannot take a glide path down. The only option is for rates to come down. Yellen just bet $2T on that outcome.
Here are Janet Yellen, Joe Biden and Jay Powell doing “The Time Warp” fantasizing about the glory days of Marxism in the Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin.
Joe, are you kidding about the sizzling economy? Karine Jean Pierre is also guilty of comedy or gross propaganda.
So right up front – and the Fed has been talking about this, though no one listens: The “core services” PCE price index has gotten stuck at 3.5% over the past six months annualized, and accelerated to 4.0% month-to-month annualized in December, with housing inflation stuck at about 6.7% over the past six months annualized, and with other core services components still red-hot.
The core services PCE price index rose by 0.33% in December from November, the second acceleration in a row, according to data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis today. This amounts to an increase of 4.0% annualized (blue).
The six-month moving average, which irons out the huge ups and downs of the month-to-month data, accelerated to 3.5%, and has been in this range since August, after the sharp deceleration in early 2023 (red).
Core services is where consumers spend the majority of their money, and they matter. Which is why Fed governors have said in near unison that they’re in no hurry to cut rates, but have taken a wait-and-see approach, with an eye on core services. And if it goes away, fine.
But on the surface, the PCE price index looks encouraging, and this has been the trend for months, with the overall PCE price index at +2.6% year-over-year in December, the lowest since March 2021; and with the core PCE price index at +2.9% year-over-year, also the lowest since March 2021, and aiming for the Fed’s 2% target.
The factors for the year-over-year cooling in these inflation measures have been the same for months: plunging energy prices, sharply dropping prices of durable goods after the huge spike in 2020 and 2021, cooling food inflation (with prices still rising from very high levels, but slowly), and favorable “base effects” when compared to a year ago.
But energy prices don’t plunge forever, so that will go away; durable goods prices don’t drop sharply forever either, though they can drop for a while longer to unwind some more of the price spike they’d been through in 2020 and 2021; and the base effects are going to get timed out this year, when the base of the year-over-year comparisons become the lower inflation figures of 2023.
Housing inflation, still red hot and not cooling anymore. The PCE price index for housing rose by 0.46% in December from November and has been in this range since March, after the sharp slowdown early in 2023. This amounts to 5.7% annualized (blue in the chart below).
The housing index is broad-based and includes factors for rent in tenant-occupied dwellings; imputed rent for owner-occupied housing, group housing, and rental value of farm dwellings. It’s the largest component of core services.
The six-month moving average annualized, which shows the more recent trends, also rose by 5.7% in December, and has been in the same range since August (red).
So it looks like the PCE price index for housing has gotten stuck at 5.7%. This stubborn inflation in housing is a blow to theories trotted out for 18 months that housing was lagging, and that we know it will go away as an issue, etc., etc. The increases are less hot than they had been, but remain hot and have become persistent.
The major categories of core services in the PCE price index, as a six-month average of month-to-month changes, annualized:
| Core services, major categories, 6-month average, annualized | ||
| Housing | 5.7% | Description and chart above |
| Non-energy utilities | 2.5% | Water, sewer, trash |
| Health care | 2.5% | Physicians, outpatient, hospital, nursing care, dental, etc. |
| Transportation services | 6.1% | Auto repair & maintenance, auto leasing & rentals, public transportation, airfares, etc. |
| Recreation services | 5.6% | Concerts, sports, movies, gambling, streaming, vet services, package tours, etc. |
| Food services, accommodation | 2.8% | Meals & drinks at restaurants, bars, schools, cafeterias, etc.; accommodation at hotels, motels, schools, etc. |
| Financial services | 3.5% | Fees & commissions at banks, brokers, funds, portfolio management, etc. |
| Insurance | 2.8% | Insurance of all kinds, including health insurance |
| Other services | 0.1% | Collection of other services |
Inflation in Transportation services and Recreation services is accelerating on the basis of the 6-month moving average, with the PCE price index for Transportation services rising by 6.1%, and the index for Recreation services rising by 5.6%:
Inflation in services turns out to be tough to beat, and it can dish up big head-fakes. Last time we had this type of surge of inflation, so that was in the 1970s and 1980s, we thought repeatedly that we had inflation licked, only to find out that we’d fallen for an inflation head-fake. There were three head-fakes in core services on the way to the peak of 11% in 1981:
But Democrats are desperate to stay in power and rake in billons of dollars. Their strategy? Nobody But Joe. Well, except maybe Mike Obama.
Sweet home ANYWHERE is getting more difficult under Biden’s vision for the economy.
New home sales disappointed in December, rising just 8% MoM (vs 10% exp) but that is still the biggest MoM jump since last December.
Of course, having pointed out the dramatic series of downward revisions to this data series this year, November’s 12.2% plunge was revised up to a 8.0% drop
On a SAAR basis, new home sales ended at 664k (pre-COVID-lockdown levels), completely decoupled from existing home sales…
This left new home sales up 4.4% YoY…
The median new home price fell 13.8% YoY to $413,200
Trouble is, even as mortgage rates have plunged recently, applications for home purchases have only rebounded modestly…
And while mortgage rates have declined (rapidly), they remain massively high relative to the effective mortgage rate for all Americans. That difference is the ‘subsidy‘ that homebuilders have to fill to enable buyers – and it’s still yuuuge!
Of course, investors don’t care about actual fundamentals, rates are down so ‘buy buy buy’ the builders…
Finally, we note that supply shrank from 8.8 months to 8.2 months in December – so don’t expect new home prices to keep falling (they’ll be rising like the supply-constrained existing homes market)…
…and don’t expect The Fed cuts to prompt an excess-supply-driven decline in prices – it’s start your engines time on the next bubble.
Biden’s Presidential Portrait.
Biden’s green energy mandates, a boondoggle for China and lodestone for Americans, is leaking over to the mortgage market. That’s Bidenomics!
Mortgage applications increased 3.7 percent from one week earlier, according to data from the Mortgage Bankers Association’s (MBA) Weekly Mortgage Applications Survey for the week ending January 19, 2024. The results include an adjustment to account for the MLK holiday.
The Market Composite Index, a measure of mortgage loan application volume, increased 3.7 percent on a seasonally adjusted basis from one week earlier. On an unadjusted basis, the Index decreased 4 percent compared with the previous week. The holiday adjusted Refinance Index decreased 7 percent from the previous week and was 8 percent lower than the same week one year ago. The seasonally adjusted Purchase Index increased 8 percent from one week earlier. The unadjusted Purchase Index increased 3 percent compared with the previous week and was 18 percent lower than the same week one year ago.
The unadjusted Refinance Index decreased 16 percent from the previous week and was 8 percent lower than the same week one year ago.
It smells like … ANIMAL spirits.
The last week or so has seen a tactical ‘hawkish’ reversion in USTs and STIRs to play for a re-pricing lower in March rate-cut expectations, following the recent ‘hard-data resiliency’ with Consumer and Labor, alongside modestly “hawkish” rhetoric (despite soft data weakness)…
And, as Nomura’s Charlie McElligott highlights this morning, we are also seeing new upside being bot in SOFR Options for “dovish outcome”-hedging again, with Core PCE looming later this week.The market has had bunches of March SOFR Downside structures trading over the past few weeks to play for “Fed cut overshoot,” which has been the right trade YTD, as the implied probability distribution shows March Fed cuts now having been slashed by over half the the past week and a half (~80% priced to now just ~40%), and accordingly now we’ve witnessed some monetization of tactical Downside in recent days…
And we see the swaption surface getting mushed…
As he notes, the “dovish-trifecta” right-tail repricing has gotten us to ~4900… and, he says, the actual “realization” could then certainly push us through 5000:It’s my expectations that we could very well see:1) “March Fed cut” to pick-up Delta again after what is expected to be a “light” core PCE print this Friday…and taking back pricing following the past week’s Fed speak pushback and “too resilient” Labor- and Consumer- data, which has driven March Fed meeting “cut” probabilities being sliced in half over the past one week (~80% on 1/12/24 to today’s ~40%)The next potential dovish catalyst is 2) the QRA est / announcement end of Jan / start Feb, with “binary risk” implications on the direction of Duration and Risk-Assets, as the market generally anticipates resumption of larger Coupon issuance from the US Treasury ahead—but what if there is one final announcement where Bills stay high, Coupon increases but isn’t as large as most anticipate, AND Yellen signals that this is the final expected Coupon increase?!
While we’re at it and relate to the Treasury’s QRA discussion, let’s not forget the “other” market- and economic- backstop being applied by the Biden Administration (and aided by what looks to be Janet Yellen’s “politically activist” US Treasury with TBAC sign-off) – which is the continued willingness to run large fiscal deficits in an attempt to “run the economy hot” in this election year, with much of it being “paid for” via Bills (so to prevent long-end Rates from pushing higher, which would tighten US financial conditions)……this is Green build, CHIPS Act, and even fresh “election surprises” like Biden announcement Friday on “forgiveness” of a fresh $5B of student loans, now making the total loan forgiveness approved by the Biden admin $136.6B
And finally as a derivative of the above mention, another hypothetical Treasury QRA where we’d see “Bill issuance remaining high, yet with Coupon increases not as large as most anticipate” would then mechnically see MMF’s continuing pulling from RRP to buy Bills, which will further accelerate the RRP drain…and as outlined in recent weeks, “low” RRP levels will act as “a” key input to Fed reaction function on determining LCLoR……which will ultimately mean 3) a pulling-forward on the market’s expected timing on the “end of QT”
This “dovish-trifecta” is the macro catalyst behind the “right-tail” scenario which has appropriately been repriced higher by the market over the course of the past month, and we’ve seen clients allocate some protection spend to this “crash-UP” scenarioAnd again, IF the above were to realize… without negative catalysts (Earnings fine, no further Rates selloff / Fed repricing, continued disinflationary trajectory rebuilds “Fed cut” implied probability) around that upcoming Feb VIXpery with all that Dealer “short VIX Calls” positioning being hedged… there is absolutely potential for an Equities slingshot if there are no issues and those customer “Long VIX Calls” bleed-out, which will mean Dealers puke out their UX1 Longs (as hedges) back into the market for a potential “kicker” to goose Spot Equities even higher…For now, no-one is worried about downside based on VVIX being back near post-COVID lows…
Outside of “Mag 7” guidance disappointments, I believe the next worst-case scenario for current positioning in Stocks would be an “Animal Spirits” US data reacceleration which forces the above “dovish trifecta” off-course and blows-out the recently calming “Fed Rates path” distribution again:Why would resumption of better US growth data negatively impact US Equities consensus thematic / singles positioning?Because after the 4Q23 de-grossing of short books and forced “Net-up” to stop the bleed and chase (massive squeeze & cover in low quality / cyclical value / leveraged balance sheet / high short interest “junk”)….2024 YTD has instead seen the market reset the prior “Momentum” regime of “Long Quality / Size / Secular Growth” i.e. MegaCap Tech, while re-shorting that economically-sensitive “low quality / junk” stuff againIn a world of slowing but positive growth to 2% GDP and now with 3m inflation annualizing sub 2% target…you go back to that “QE of old” 2010s -decade playbook of “long stuff that can grow earnings and profits without needing a hot economic cycle”…i.e. long quality, size (liquid) & secular growth / short leverage & cyclical valueBut IF we see the “animal spirits” data reacceleration off the back of the massive FCI easing that the Fed and Treasury have facilitated, plus the persistent wage growth and still too strong labor meaning consumption remains robust, along with ongoing govt fiscal stim / spending…
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..we risk a chance of inflation pivoting away from the current disinflationary trajectory (God-forbid actual “reflation”) which would could see that “long secular growth / short econ sensitive / cyclical value’ trade get a shock reversal…
…as long-end Yields and accordingly then, financial conditions, re-tighten and smash the “high valuation” Quality / Secular Growth stuff, while the heavily hated / shorted Cyclicals would painfully squeeze higher.Don’t forget, we’ve seen that happen before (yes we know the magnitudes of the inflationary impulse are different, but the timing of the human-emotion/monetary-policy-over-confidence double-rip in inflation is unquestionable)…
So, be careful what you wish for from higher and higher all-time-highs for stocks – the stronger they look (on the back of dovish expectations), the more likely The Fed is to hold back the actual dovish actions so much hope is founded on.
Remember the massive bank bailout of “subprime” mortgage securities back that resulted in the Dodd-Frank banking legislation of 2010? Yes know, where they promised NO MORE BANK BAILOUTS EVER??? Particularly if Disease X is unleashed and we start shutting down economies and schools again. Will we see ANOTHER bank bailout??
Cantor Fitzgerald CEO Howard Lutnick spoke with Fox Business host Maria Bartiromo on the sidelines at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, last week. He offered a bleak outlook on the commercial real estate sector, warning a “very ugly” two years is ahead.
“Coming due in the next two and a half years at these higher rates – you’re not going to get proceeds, meaning when you have a $120 million loan on a building, and someone says I’ll give you 90 million at a much higher rate – than it throws the keys back to the lenders – and there’s going to be a lot of them that are going to get wiped out,” Lutnick told Bartiromo.
“I think $700 billion could default … The lenders are going to have to do things with them. They’re going to be selling. It’s going to be a generational change in real estate coming at the end of 2024 and all of 2025. We will be talking about real estate being just a massive change,” Lutnick said.
He warned: “I think it’s going to be a very, very ugly market in owning real estate over the next, you know, 18 months, two years.”
Lutnick noted that loan sales are set to become a major business opportunity with the upcoming maturity of CRE mortgages. He highlighted that an estimated trillion dollars of CRE debt is coming due over the next 2.5 years.
Shortly after the regional bank implosion in March 2023, Morgan Stanley penned a note to clients about a $2.5 trillion wall of CRE debt coming due over five years.
A recent survey of Terminal users by Bloomberg’s Markets Live found most respondents believe the office tower market needs a deeper correction before a rebound materializes.
Lutnick pointed out, “Real estate equity, REITS, are going to be in trouble … a lot of them are going to be wiped out, so many defaults, I think.”
Bloomberg office REITs have been plunging since early 2022 when the Federal Reserve embarked on the most aggressive interest rate hiking cycle in a generation to tame inflation.
“Commercial real estate is experiencing a meaningful repricing as cap rates correlate to long-term to interest rates,” Morgan Stanley told clients in a recent report, adding, “Patience is required while refinancing to higher debt costs gradually triggers valuation adjustments.”
Lutnick’s not the only one with a dismal outlook on CRE.
In a recent interview, Scott Rechler, Chairman and CEO of RXR Realty, told Goldman’s Allison Nathan that the CRE downturn is still in the early innings.
American homebuyers are going down the road of Bidenomics and feeling bad. Is this the roadmap for the US??
Existing Home Sales fell 1.0% MoM in December, worse than the +0.3% expected, leaving sales down
Total Existing Home Sales in December 2023 were 3.78mm – the lowest SAAR since 2010…
But, on an annual basis, this is the worst year on record (back to at least 1995)..
“The latest month’s sales look to be the bottom before inevitably turning higher in the new year,” said NAR Chief Economist Lawrence Yun. “Mortgage rates are meaningfully lower compared to just two months ago, and more inventory is expected to appear on the market in upcoming months.”
Existing Home Sales were flat in the Northeast, lower in the MidWest and the South, and up marginally in the West (driven by single-family-home sales as condo sales declined)…
Last month, the number of previously owned homes for sale dropped to 1 million, the lowest since March.
At the current sales pace, selling all the properties on the market would take 3.2 months.
Realtors see anything below five months of supply as indicative of a tight resale market.
That lack of inventory is helping to keep prices elevated.
The median selling price climbed 4.4% to $382,600 in December from a year ago, reflecting increases in all four regions. Prices hit a record of $389,800 in 2023.
But, with mortgage rates having tumbled (and given the lagged responses), are sales about to start rising again?
So The Fed managed to kill sales, collapse inventories, send home prices higher, destroying affordability… and now what is going to happen?
Is Bidenomics the Highway To Hell?
Who designed this photoshoot for an accordian band?? Not sure I want to have a party with this crew!
As only Clueless Joe can do, Biden brags about something that he has nothing to do with: falling mortgage rates.
Mortgage rates (30-year conforming rate) are up 392 basis points or a whopping 142% under Biden. Mortgage rates are down from the 2023 peak of 7.83% to 6.69% as of yesterday. One reason that mortgage rates are stable is that M2 Money GROWTH has been negative since the end of 2022.
Of course, it is The Federal Reserve acting to slow down inflation caused by excessive Federal government spending that is leading to mortgage rates declining, not Biden’s open border policy or his green agenda.
But for the future, does Biden know something that we don’t know? Like is Biden buying into the hypothetical Disease X (20 times worse than Covid) that was discussed in Davos at the World Economic Forum. If a major pandemic is unleashed (again) in the election year, The Fed would have to cut rates (again) to offset the damage done by another round of goverment economic shutdowns. Not to mention the shutting down of schools again.
Or did Biden just tell us that he knows the US economy is slipping and The Fed will come riding to the rescue of Biden (or Newsom or Michelle Obama) like in an old John Ford western with John Wayne. That would also lead to declining mortgage rates in 2024.
But all is not well in the banking sector. Use of Fed funding tool jumps most since April to fresh record: Banks borrowed record sum of $161.5bn from Fed’s Bank Term Funding Program, w/demand at $14.3bn climbing the most in 9 months as they piled into a reliable arbitrage trade just weeks ahead of its scheduled closure.
The availability of mortgage credit remains VERY TIGHT.
Whether its Disease X (unleashed The Kraken!) or just a slowing economy, The Fed (the master manipulator) will likely cut rates in 2024. Making mortgage rates come down.
And what is a dancing sandwich??
It’s not always sunny in Philadelphia! And not because the Eagles got stomped by Baker Mayfield and the Tampa Bay Bucs.
More worrying is the fact that hope appears to be dwindling fast as the six-month-forecast for the survey plunged back into contraction (from +12.6 to -4.00)…
Source: Bloomberg
Philly Fed’s demise is consistent with the collapse of hope as ‘soft’ survey data has slumped in the last month, back to its weakest since July (as ‘hard’ data improves relative to expectations)…
On the bright side for the doves, the dis-inflationary trend remains in tact as priced paid and prices received both plunged in January. However, we highlight the fact that Philly businesses expect price pressure to return in the next six months…
Overall, the ‘bad news’ in this report should buoy stocks and bonds (lower inflation and lower growth enables sooner and faster cuts)… But will it.
Green man (The Federal Reserve) will stike again!
WTF are dancing sandwiches??
Confounded Interest - Anthony B. Sanders 
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